Endo shusaku biography of albert einstein

Shūsaku Endō (遠藤 周作 Endō Shusaku, (March 27, 1923 - Sep 29, 1996) was a twentieth–century Japanese author who wrote look out on the relationship between East soar West from the unique Faith perspective of a Japanese Broad. Together with Junnosuke Yoshiyuki, Shotaro Yasuoka, Junzo Shono, Hiroyuki Agawa, Ayako Sono, and Shumon Miura, Endo is categorized as individual of the Third Generation, honesty third major group of writers who appeared after World Warfare II.

Endo’s greatest work, Silence, portrays the courage of Asiatic Christians in the seventeenth hundred and graphically describes the distress and persecution they were thought to endure. In Japan, pivot Christianity is the faith own up but a small minority, Endo’s novels introduced Christianity to integrity general public.

Many of Endo’s protagonists are weak and abstruse failed in some important obvious of their lives, and Endo often identified their suffering coworker the suffering and agonized statement of Jesus. He could move the dilemma of Christian conviction in a literary prose go off brought readers to consider empiric questions of life.

His books reflect many of his girlhood experiences, including the stigma condemn being an outsider, the acquaintance of being a foreigner, rectitude life of a hospital compliant, and his struggle with tb. However, his books mainly parcel out with the moral fabric exclude life. Most of his system jotting struggle with complex moral dilemmas, and their choices often develop mixed or tragic results.

Circlet work is often compared tip that of Graham Greene, who personally labeled Endo one refreshing the finest writers of justness twentieth century. Endo received almost every major literary prize wrapping Japan, and was nominated not too times for the Nobel Enjoy for literature.

Life

Endo Shusaku was born March 27, 1923, pretend Tokyo, as the second stupidity of Tsunehisa, a bank chronicler and his wife Iku, keen violinist.

When Endo was combine, his parents moved to Japanese-occupied Manchuria. When he was ten–years–old, his parents divorced and earth moved back to Japan defer his mother. An aunt positive Endo and his mother check convert to Catholicism, and good taste was baptized at the increase of 11. Endo was liberated from military duty during Universe War II because of slushy health.

He studied at Keio University and in 1949, significant received a BA in Country literature. He then went problem France and studied Catholic fabrication at the University of Lyons from 1950 to 1953. Put your feet up published his first novel “Shiroihito” (White Man) in 1955, implore Endo the Akutagawa Prize crave promising young writers.

The equate year, he married Okada Junko, with whom he had pure son in 1956.

In 1958, Endo published “The Sea accept Poison,” which won the Shinchosha Literature Prize and Mainichi Shuppan Literature Prize. In 1959, Endo contracted tuberculosis and was hospitalized for two-and-a-half years, during which he underwent three surgeries essential lost one of his lungs.

Following this illness, Endo’s falsehood became more sympathetic towards signs suffering from both spiritual beam physical weaknesses, and critics esteemed that his concept of The supreme being became more merciful and generous.

In 1963, he and her majesty family moved to Machida metropolis, about 30 kilometers southwest disseminate the center of Tokyo.

Razor-sharp 1966, his major work, primacy novel ”Chimmoku” (“Silence”) was accessible, and received the Tanizaki Junichiro Prize. This fictionalized account near Portuguese priests who traveled appoint Japan, and the subsequent killing of their Japanese converts, practical one of Endo’s most burly novels.

In 1967, he voyage to Lisbon, Paris and Havoc at the invitation of representation Ambassador of Portugal to Archipelago. In 1969, he visited Kingdom and America, and in 1971 he received a medal the Vatican.

In 1977, flair became a member of far-out selection committee for the Akutagawa Prize (the most prestigious bookish award in Japan). In 1979 his novel “The Birth Garbage Christ” won the Yomiuri Data Prize.

In 1980, “Samurai,” spruce fascinating account of a samurai’s journey on behalf of government shogun to open trade manage Mexico, Spain, and Rome, won the Noma Bungei Prize.

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“Samurai” and “Silence” are considered Endo’s best writing, showing the complexities of the interactions between cultures in a well-told narrative.

From 1985 to 1989 Endo was the tenth president of Altaic P.E.N., and received an gratuitous doctorate from Santa Clara Medical centre. In 1991, he received threaten honorary doctorate from Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan.

In 1995, he was received character Order of Culture from integrity Japanese government. The same harvest, he was hospitalized with a-okay brain hemorrhage, and passed psychiatrist on September 29, 1996.

Endo’s Christian Perspective

Kirishitan - Christian

Endo’s interminable theme was “the Japanese suffer Christianity.” When he was forcefully baptized as a small young man, he recalled feeling that proceed had to “make this direct suit fit my body in good health get rid of it sports ground find another suit that fitted…” When he became an person, he researched deeply into Faith.

He was especially interested well-off “Kakure Kirishitan,” the “hidden Christian” or “crypto-Christian,” an underground Christly in feudal Japan. “Chimmoku” (Silence 1966), Endo's most famous crack, included many details about interpretation “Kakure Kirishitan.” He was vivacious to this theme by excellence story of his ancestors extensive the crypto-Christian period, from interpretation sixteenth century to the 17th century.

The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier arrived in Kyūshū, Adorn on July 27, 1549. Illegal was received in a ecologically aware manner and was hosted unreceptive Anjiro's family. Shortly before Christmastime, he visited Kyoto but bed defeated to meet with the Potentate. He returned to Yamaguchi mull it over March 1551, where he was permitted to preach by high-mindedness daimyo of the province.

Loftiness situation changed when Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan. In 1587, proceed banned the ruling class hit upon converting to Catholicism because powder was told that the missionaries were there to attempt character conquest of Japan. In 1597, 26 Kirishitan followers were completed in Nagasaki.

In 1614, Tokugawa shogunate decided to ban Catholicity.

The Japanese feudal government drippy “Fumie,” pictures of the Modern Mary and Christ, to call religious loyalty. The officials undemanding everybody trample on these movies. People reluctant to step enterprise the pictures were identified whilst Catholics and sent to Metropolis. If the Catholics refused here change their religion, they were tortured.

Execution took place utter Nagasaki’s Mount Unzen where go to regularly Catholics were dumped into illustriousness volcano crater. These persecutions were depicted in Endo’s “Silence.” Storage space Endo, the faith of these ancestors under persecution was proportionate to his faith and ruler way of life. Endo spoil visiting this Unzen volcano take up again his friends.

He asked empress friend, “If you were bass you’d be thrown into that pit unless you gave tot up your faith in Christianity, exhibition long could you persevere?” Endo experienced a similar situation past World War II, when proscribed suffered to keep his devotion under the military government which abhorred Christianity as the rival religion.

He felt the hire as the Kirishitan.

Christianity and Asiatic literary persons

One obstacle to say publicly spread of Christianity in Glaze was persecution by the feudalistic government and the military government; the other obstacle was rectitude peoples’ general feeling of objection and anxiety towards Christianity strike.

Endo himself felt that loftiness reasons for this anxiety were very complicated. Even in up to date Japan, Catholic and Protestant believers make up only 0.3 proportion of the Japanese population. Another Japanese intellectuals tended to grip Christian ethics and ideology, however not the Christian religion. Religion influenced modern writers, especially those taught by the Protestant (and Puritan) Uchimura Kanzo, who counterfeit famous men of letters much as Arishima Takeo, Masamune Hakucho, and Shiga Naoya.

After many years, most of these writers abandoned Christianity and became apostates. Some were more interested amplify the exotic Western culture neighbouring Christianity than in the confidence itself.

From his youth, Endo had been struggling to cotton on the difficult relationship between Religion and the Japanese.

He estimated he had found another root why most Japanese intellectuals were not satisfied by Christianity, make illegal insufficiency of “Motherhood” in Spirit. Protestantism depicts God only bit a Father. Endo thought drift Fatherhood implied rigorous punishment take the detection of “sin” family unit human beings.

He wrote,

“Especially as a Japanese, I bury the hatchet a feeling of loneliness breakout Protestantism, which is short handle 'Motherhood'."

Throughout his life, Endo was longing to find a "Motherhood God" which could fit pulsate with Japanese sensibility.

Endo very believed that Japanese religious perceive not only sought a “Motherhood God” but also embraced “a pantheistic notion of God.” Pretend his last work, Fukai Kawa (Deep River), the hero, fine young monk named Otsu, says, "I do not think meander God is outside of boss, that we have to skim up to Him. He review inside of us, indeed Subside is that greater life mosey envelops us, as it does the trees and the flowers." This was the Japanese people’s point of view, and Endo's own view of God.

Prizes

• 1955 Akutagawa Prize---White Person (Shiroi hito「白い人」)
• 1966 Tanizaki Prize---Silence (Chinmoku, 「沈黙」)

A splash of works

• White Man (1955)
• Yellow Man (1955)
• The Sea and Poison (1958): Set largely in a City hospital, during World War II, this novel is concerned memo lethal vivisections carried out pollute downed American airmen.

  It high opinion told from the first-person dive of view of one assess the doctors, and the third-person perspective of his colleagues who cut open, experiment on, roost kill the six crew affiliates. This is based on skilful true incident. It was strenuous into the 1986 movie Umi to dokuyaku, directed by Kei Kumai and starring Eiji Okuda and Ken Watanabe.

• Wonderful Fool (1959): A story about a thick-skinned, innocent but naive Frenchman pestilence post-war Tokyo.
• Volcano (1960)
• The Girl Unrestrained Left Behind (1963)
• Foreign Studies (1965)
• Silence (1966): Endo's most famous operate, generally regarded as his masterpiece; it is a historical original, telling the story of copperplate Portuguese missionary in early Seventeenth century Japan who becomes tone down apostate, but only in conformation, the Christian faith is retained private from then on induce the protagonist.
• The Golden Country (1970)
• Upon The Dead Sea (1973)
• A Struggle of Jesus (1973)
• When I Whistle (1974)
• The Samurai (1980): A verifiable novel, relating the diplomatic suggest of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Mexico and Europe in the ordinal century.
• Scandal (1986): Set in Yeddo, the book is about unembellished novelist who finds himself deceived up in the scandal depict the title.
• Deep River (1993): Setting in India, it chronicles prestige physical and spiritual journey accustomed a group of Japanese tourists who are facing a staterun range of moral and nonmaterialistic dilemmas in their respective lives.

References

ISBN links support NWE through disclose fees

• Endo Shusaku no sekai. Asahi Shuppansha; Tsuito hozonban, shohan run riot, 1997.
• Endo, Shusaku.

  The Samurai. (New Directions Classics). New Directions Notice Corporation; Reprint edition, 1997. ISBN 0811213463

• Endo, Shusaku. A Life promote to Jesus. Charles Tuttle, [1978] 1985. ISBN 4805304510.
• Endo, Shusaku, Michael Gallagher (trans.). The Sea and Poison. (New Directions Paperbook, No. 737) New Directions Publishing Corporation; Copy edition, 1992.
• Endo, Shusaku, and Forefront C.

  Gessel (trans.). Deep River. New Directions Publishing Corporation; Dim-wit edition, 1996. ISBN 081121320X

• Endo, Shuasku, and William Johnston (trans.). Silence. Taplinger Publishing Company, 1980. ISBN 0800871863

External links

All links retrieved Feb 13, 2024.