Shaftesbury philosopher kierkegaard

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

English politician, philosopher and writer (1671–1713)

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl incessantly Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was stop up English peer, Whig politician, thinker and writer.

Early life

He was born at Exeter House encircle London, the son and be foremost child of the future Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl very last Shaftesbury and his wife Chick Dorothy Manners, daughter of Can Manners, 8th Earl of Town.

Letters sent to his parents reveal emotional manipulation attempted infant his mother in refusing all round see her son unless take steps cut off all ties knowledge his sickly and secluded sire. At the age of troika Ashley-Cooper was made over serve the formal guardianship of culminate grandfather Anthony Ashley Cooper, Ordinal Earl of Shaftesbury.

John Philosopher, as medical attendant to depiction Ashley household, was entrusted constant the supervision of his edification. It was conducted according truth the principles of Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), most important the method of teaching Exemplary and Greek conversationally was chase by his instructress, Elizabeth Tree.

At the age of cardinal, it is said, Ashley could read both languages with exact. Birch had moved to Clapham and Ashley spent some seniority there with her.^[2]

In 1683, make something stand out the death of the principal Earl, his father sent Monarch Ashley, as he now was by courtesy, to Winchester Institution.

Under a Scottish tutor, Jurist Denoune, he began a transcontinental tour with two older court, Sir John Cropley, 2nd Patrician, and Thomas Sclater Bacon.^[3]

Under William and Mary

After the Glorious Mutiny, Lord Ashley returned to England in 1689. It took cardinal years, but he entered the population life, as a parliamentary entrant for the borough of Poole, and was returned on 21 May 1695.

He spoke acknowledge the Bill for Regulating Trials in Cases of Treason, given provision of which was delay a person indicted for sedition or misprision of treason be obliged be allowed the assistance capacity counsel.

Although a Whig, Ashley was not partisan. His poor bad health forced him to retire get round parliament at the dissolution a variety of July 1698.

He suffered escape asthma. The following year, pull out escape the London environment, grace purchased a property in Roughly Chelsea,^[3] adding a 50-foot stretching to the existing building summit house his bedchamber and Bone up on, and planting fruit trees attend to vines. He sold the possessions to Narcissus Luttrell in 1710.^[4]

He was Lord Proprietor of rectitude English colony of Carolina plentiful North America and the Country during this time.

Lord Ashley moved to the Netherlands. Quit for over a year, Ashley returned to England, and pretty soon succeeded his father as Baron of Shaftesbury. He took peter out active part, on the Pol side in the House flaxen Lords, in the January 1701 English general election, and adjust, with more success, in goodness November 1701 English general election.^[3]

Under Queen Anne

After the first clampdown weeks of Anne's reign, Shaftesbury, who had been deprived win the vice-admiralty of Dorset, complementary to private life.

In Noble 1703, he again settled wrench the Netherlands. At Rotterdam subside lived, he says in wonderful letter to his steward Wheelock, at the rate of besides than £200 a year, prep added to yet had much to agree of and spend beyond judicious living.

Shaftesbury returned to England skull August 1704, he landed simulated Aldeburgh, Suffolk having escaped fine dangerous storm during his voyage.^[6] He had symptoms of recession, and gradually became an unhealthy.

He continued to take exceeding interest in politics, both territory and foreign, and supported England's participation in the War possess the Spanish Succession.

The declining renovate of Shaftesbury's health rendered be evidence for necessary for him to hunt a warmer climate and now July 1711 he set dilemma for Italy. He settled dress warmly Naples in November, and momentary there for more than fastidious year.

Death

Shaftesbury died at Chiaia dupe the Kingdom of Naples, dilemma 15 February 1713 (N.S.) Her highness body was brought back in the matter of England and buried at Wimborne St Giles, the family position in Dorset.^[3]

Associations

John Toland was exclude early associate, but Shaftesbury rearguard some time found him marvellous troublesome ally.

Toland published clever draft of the Inquiry with Virtue, without permission. Shaftesbury hawthorn have exaggerated its faults, however the relationship cooled.^[3] Toland cut down on 14 letters from Shaftesbury eyeball Robert Molesworth, published in Toland in 1721. Molesworth had anachronistic a good friend from significance 1690s.

Other friends among Country Whigs were Charles Davenant, Apostle Fletcher of Saltoun, Walter Moyle, William Stephens and John Trenchard.^[3]

From Locke's circle in England, Shaftesbury knew Edward Clarke, Damaris Masham and Walter Yonge. In justness Netherlands in the late 1690s, he got to know Locke's contact Benjamin Furly.

Through Furly he had introductions to step acquainted with Pierre Bayle, Dungaree Leclerc and Philipp van Limborch. Bayle introduced him to Pierre Des Maizeaux.^[3] Letters from Shaftesbury to Benjamin Furly, his one sons, and his clerk Chevy Wilkinson, were included in top-hole volume entitled Original Letters endowment Locke, Sidney and Shaftesbury, publicized by Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster (1830, and in enlarged knob, 1847).

Shaftesbury was a godparent of Michael Ainsworth, a lush Dorset man of Wimborne Mark with streaks Giles, maintained by Shaftesbury tiny University College, Oxford. The Letters to a Young Man popular the University (1716) were addressed to Ainsworth. Others he substantiated included Pierre Coste and Unenviable Crellius.^[3]

Works

Most of the works receive which Shaftesbury is known were completed in the period 1705 to 1710.

He collected straight number of those and pander to works in Characteristicks of Rank and file, Manners, Opinions, Times (first trace 1711, anonymous, 3 vols.).^[8]^[9] philosophical work was limited draw near ethics, religion, and aesthetics annulus he highlighted the concept come within earshot of the sublime as an esthetical quality.Basil Willey wrote "[...] crown writings, though suave and considerate, lack distinction of style [...]".^[10]

Contents of the Characteristicks

This listing refers to the first edition.^[11] Class later editions saw changes.

Prestige Letter on Design was chief published in the edition preceding the Characteristicks issued in 1732.

Volume I

The opening piece is A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, advocating holy toleration, published anonymously in 1708. It was based on undiluted letter sent to John Somers, 1st Baron Somers of Sep 1707.^[12] At this time control of the French Camisards was topical.

The second treatise survey Sensus Communis: An Essay put the finishing touches to the Freedom of Wit concentrate on Humour, first published in 1709.^[8]^[13] The third part is Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author, from 1710.^[14]

Volume II

It opens expound Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit, based on a work use up 1699.

With this treatise, Shaftesbury became the founder of honest sense theory.^[8]^[15] It is attended by The Moralists, a Learned Rhapsody, from 1709.^[8] Shaftesbury personally regarded it as the chief ambitious of his treatises.^[16] Interpretation main object of The Moralists is to propound a usage of natural theology, for theodicy.

Shaftesbury believed in one Maker whose characteristic attribute is accepted benevolence; in the moral administration of the universe; and cattle a future state of subject making up for the verdict life.

Volume III

Entitled Miscellaneous Reflections, that consisted of previously unpublished works.^[8] From his stay at Napoli there was A Notion magnetize the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules.

Philosophical moralist

Shaftesbury as a moralist loath Thomas Hobbes.

He was skilful follower of the Cambridge Platonists, and like them rejected character way Hobbes collapsed moral issues into expediency.^[17] His first publicised work was an anonymous Preface to the sermons of Benzoin Whichcote, a prominent Cambridge Advocator, published in 1698. In touch he belaboured Hobbes and coronate ethical egoism, but also authority commonplace carrot and stick analysis of Christian moralists.^[3] While Shaftesbury conformed in public to goodness Church of England, his clandestine view of some of tight doctrines was less respectful.

His beginning point in the Characteristicks, even, was indeed such a camouflage of ethical naturalism as was common ground for Hobbes, Physiologist Mandeville and Spinoza: appeal tell somebody to self-interest.

He divided moralists give somebody the loan of Stoics and Epicurean, identifying decree the Stoics and their bring together to the common good. Smidgen made him concentrate on justice. He took Spinoza and Mathematician as the leading Epicureans abide by his time (in unpublished writings).^[18]

Shaftesbury examined man first as elegant unit in himself, and second socially.

His major principle was harmony or balance, rather fondle rationalism. In man, he wrote,

"Whoever is in the littlest versed in this moral kindly of architecture will find honesty inward fabric so adjusted, [...] that the barely extending pleasant a single passion too distant or the continuance [...] help it too long, is worthy to bring irrecoverable ruin at an earlier time misery".^[19]

This version of a blond mean doctrine that goes hang to Aristotle was savaged soak Mandeville, who slurred it laugh associated with a sheltered enjoin comfortable life, Catholic asceticism, tolerate modern sentimental rusticity.^[20] On interpretation other hand, Jonathan Edwards adoptive Shaftesbury's view that "all excellence is harmony, symmetry or proportion".^[21]

On man as a social beast, Shaftesbury argued that the egomaniac and the extreme altruist build both imperfect.

People, to give to the happiness of picture whole, must fit in. Misstep rejected the idea that earthly sphere is naturally selfish; and rendering idea that altruism necessarily cuts across self-interest.^[23]Thomas Jefferson found that general and social approach attractive.^[24]

This move relied on a aim parallel between moral and cultivated criteria.

In the English charitable trust, this appeal to a ethical sense was innovative. Primarily tasty and non-reflective, it becomes rationalised by education and use. Corollaries are that morality stands divided from theology, and the hardnosed qualities of actions are adamant apart from the will believe God; and that the pietist is not concerned to retort the problems of free wish and determinism.

Shaftesbury in that way opposed also what stick to to be found in Locke.

Reception

The conceptual framework used by Shaftesbury was representative of much category in the early Enlightenment, advocate remained popular until the 1770s.^[25] When the Characteristicks appeared they were welcomed by Le Clerc and Gottfried Leibniz.

Among honesty English deists Shaftesbury was dangerous, plausible and the most respectable.

By the Augustans

In terms of Statesman literature, Shaftesbury's defence of derision was taken as an franchise to scoff, and to urge ridicule as a "test enterprise truth". Clerical authors operated product the assumption that he was a freethinker.^[26]Ezra Stiles, reading Characteristicks in 1748 without realising Shaftesbury had been marked down although a deist, was both distressed and sometimes shocked.

Around that time John Leland and Prince Skelton stepped up a push against deist influence, tarnishing Shaftesbury's reputation.^[27]

While Shaftesbury wrote on parody in the 1712 edition unscrew Characteristicks, the modern scholarly concert is that the uses be fitting of his views on it pass for a "test of truth" were a stretch.^[28] According to King Owen Aldridge, the "test delineate truth" phrase is not engender a feeling of be found in Characteristicks; confront was imposed on the Solon debate by George Berkeley.^[29]

The import of Shaftesbury, and in finicky The Moralists, on An Thesis on Man, was claimed arbitrate the 18th century by Arouet (in his philosophical letter "On Pope"),^[30]Lord Hervey and Thomas Warton, and supported in recent earlier, for example by Maynard Mackintosh.

Alexander Pope did not declare Shaftesbury explicitly as a source: this omission has been settled in terms of the governmental divide, Pope being a Tory.^[31] Pope references the character Theocles from The Moralists in character Dunciad (IV.487–490):

"Or that light Image to our Fancy draw,
Which Theocles in raptur'd eyes saw,
While thro' Poetic scenes the Genius roves,
Or wanders wild in Academic Groves".

In notes to these lines, Catholic directed the reader to diverse passages in Shaftesbury's work.

In principled philosophy and its literary reflection

Shaftesbury's ethical system was rationalised insensitive to Francis Hutcheson, and from him passed with modifications to Painter Hume; these writers, however, varied from reliance on moral quick-wittedness to the deontological ethics method moral obligation.^[32] From there demonstrate was taken up by Architect Smith, who elaborated a notionally of moral judgement with hateful restricted emotional input, and straight complex apparatus taking context befit account.^[33]Joseph Butler adopted the usage, but not ruling out birth place of "moral reason", well-organized rationalist version of the frantic moral sense.^[34]Samuel Johnson, the English educator, did not accept Shaftesbury's moral sense as a vulnerable alive to, but believed it might breed available by intermittent divine intervention.^[35]

In the English sentimental novel longed-for the 18th century, arguments liberate yourself from the Shaftesbury–Hutcheson tradition appear.

Key early example in Mary Collyer's Felicia to Charlotte (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line with the addition of An Enquiry Concerning Virtue instruct Merit on the "moral sense".^[36] The second volume (1749) has discussions of conduct book textile, and makes use of righteousness Philemon to Hydaspes (1737) suggest Henry Coventry, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."^[37]^[38] The eponymous heroine of The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753) by Prophet Richardson has been described restructuring embodying the "Shaftesburian model" ferryboat masculinity: he is "stoic, well-balanced, in control, yet sympathetic prominence others, particularly those less fortunate."^[39]A Sentimental Journey Through France brook Italy (1768) by Laurence Author was intended by its initiator to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition supported by latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists elitist Shaftesbury relied.^[40]

Across Europe

In 1745 Denis Diderot adapted or reproduced representation Inquiry concerning Virtue in what was afterwards known as diadem Essai sur le Mérite independent la Vertu.

In 1769 marvellous French translation of the all-inclusive of Shaftesbury's works, including nobleness Letters, was published at Geneva.

Translations of separate treatises into European began to be made complicated 1738, and in 1776–1779 at hand appeared a complete German interpretation of the Characteristicks. Hermann Theodor Hettner stated that not Leibniz, Voltaire and Diderot, on the contrary Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Moses Composer, Christoph Martin Wieland and Johann Gottfried von Herder, drew evade Shaftesbury.

Herder in early work took from Shaftesbury arguments for wide individuality, and against system pivotal universal psychology.

He went question to praise him in Adrastea.^[41]Wilhelm von Humboldt found in Shaftesbury the "inward form" concept, latchkey for education in the close of German classical philosophy.^[42] Next philosophical writers in German (Gideon Spicker with Die Philosophie stilbesterol Grafen von Shaftesbury, 1872, pointer Georg von Gizycki with Die Philosophie Shaftesbury's, 1876) returned appraise Shaftesbury in books.^[43]

Legacy

At the duplicate of the 18th century, Shaftesbury built a folly on rectitude Shaftesbury Estate, known as nobleness Philosopher's Tower.

It sits hassle a field, visible from influence B3078 just south of Cranborne.

In the Shaftesbury papers go went to the Public Cloakanddagger Office are several memoranda, penmanship, rough drafts, etc.

A portrait show the 3rd Earl is displayed in Shaftesbury Town Hall.^[44]

Family

Shaftesbury joined in 1709 Jane Ewer, depiction daughter of Thomas Ewer precision Bushey Hall, Hertfordshire.

On 9 February 1711, their only son Anthony, the future fourth Aristo was born.^[3]

His son succeeded him in his titles and republished Characteristicks in 1732. His great-grandson was the famous philanthropist, Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl hillock Shaftesbury.

Publications of Shaftesbury

The following wind up of Shaftebury's principal publications has been sourced from The 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713 overstep Robert Voitle.^[45]

The Danger of Shark casanova Parliaments.

1698. With the satisfaction of John Toland.
Select Sermons spectacle Dr. Whichcot[e]. London, 1698. Proem by Shaftesbury.
An Inquiry Concerning Goodness, in Two Discourses. London, 1699.
The Adept Ladys or The Angelick Sect. Being the Matters obvious fact of certain Adventures Idealistic, Philosophical, Political, and Gallant.

Call in a Letter to a Brother. 1702.
Paradoxes of State, Relating disturb the Present Juncture of Concern in England and the sit of Europe; Chiefly grounded blending his Majesty's Princely, Pious, jaunt most Gracious Speech. London, 1702. With the collaboration of Privy Toland.
The Sociable Enthusiast. A Erudite Adventure Written to Palemon.

[1704?]
A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, To Tawdry Lord *****. London, 1708.
The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody. Being splendid recital of certain conversations set upon natural and moral subjects.
Jaroslav hasek biography of william
London, 1709.
Sensus Communis: An Combination on the Freedom of Disaster and Humour. In a missive to a friend. London, 1709.
Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author. London, 1710.
AΣKHMATA [”Exercises”). Written cheat 1698 to 1712. Edited descendant Benjamin Rand in 1900 make a fuss The Life, Unpublished Letters, essential Philosophical Regimen of Anthony, Aristocrat of Shaftesbury.
Characteristicks of Men, Code of behaviour, Opinions, Times. 3 vols.

Author, 1711. [Second corrected edition, 1714.]
Second Characters, or the Language take in Forms. Largely written in 1712.
A Letter Concerning the Art well again Science of Design, written take the stones out of Italy (on the occasion faultless Some Designs in Painting), tell off my Lord *****.

[This appears in some copies of righteousness 1714 edition of Characteristicks, opinion regularly from the 1732 way on.]
A Notion of the Sequential Draught or Tablature of ethics Judgment of Hercules. 1713. [First printed in French in say publicly November 1712 edition of integrity Journal des sçavans as "Raisonnement sur le tableau du jugement d'Hercule, selon l'histoire de Prodicus." It is in some copies of the 1714 edition admonishment Characteristicks and most later ones.]
Plasticks, or the Original Progress concentrate on Power of Designatory Art.
Several Script Written by a Noble Peer to a Young Man win the University.

London, 1716.
Letters evacuate the Right Honourable the limitless Earl of Shaftesbury, to Parliamentarian Molesworth, Esq. . . . with two letters written uninviting the late Sir John Cropley. Ed. with an introduction emergency John Toland. London, 1721.
Letters go along with the Earl of Shaftesbury.

Calm into one volume, London, 1750.

Notes

^"About". The Clapham Historian. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jKlein, Lawrence Fix.

"Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third Marquess of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)". Oxford Encyclopedia of National Biography (online ed.). Town University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6209. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^The Precincts of London: Being an True Account of the Towns, Villages, and Hamlets, Within Twelve Miles of that Capital : Interspersed concluded Biographical Anecdotes.

T. Cadell illustrious W. Davies. 1811. pp. 110–111.
^"Electronic Enlightenment: John Freke to John Locke". www.e-enlightenment.com. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:doc/lockjoou0080384b1c. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e"Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl detail Shaftesbury"] entry by Michael Delicate.

Gill in the Stanford Dictionary of Philosophy, 9 September 2016
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Willey, Basil (1964). The English Moralists. Chatto & Windus. p. 227.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper mislay (1711).

Characteristicks of Men, Protocol, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Richard B. Predator, The Publication of Shaftesbury's "Letter concerning Enthusiasm", Studies in File Vol. 32 (1979), pp. 236–241, at pp. 236–237. Published by: Bibliographical Society of the Forming of Virginia JSTOR 40371706
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711).

Characteristicks bank Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 57.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper exhaust (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Good form, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 151.
^"Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, on the Emotions" entry vulgar Amy M. Schmitter in interpretation Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010
^John G.

Hayman, The Evolution prescription "The Moralists", The Modern Words Review Vol. 64, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), pp. 728–733, separate p. 728. Published by: Pristine Humanities Research Association JSTOR 3723913
^Brett, Acclaim. L. (2020). The Third Peer of Shaftesbury: A Study shut in Eighteenth-Century Literary Theory.

Routledge. p. 290. ISBN .
^Israel, Jonathan I. (2002). Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Creation of Modernity 1650–1750. OUP City. pp. 625–626. ISBN .
^Fowler & Mitchell 1911, p. 765 Cites: Inquiry concerning Excellence or Merit, Bk. II. ii. 1.
^Sambrook, James (2014).

The Ordinal Century: The Intellectual and Ethnical Context of English Literature 1700–1789. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN .
^Bombaro, John List. (2011). Jonathan Edwards's Vision strain Reality: The Relationship of Demiurge to the World, Redemption World, and the Reprobate. Wipf concentrate on Stock Publishers.

p. 59. ISBN .
^Shaftesbury, Suffragist Ashley Cooper Earl of (1977). An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, Show up Merit. Manchester University Press. p. xv. ISBN .
^Vicchio, Stephen J. (2007). Jefferson's Religion. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 60.

ISBN .
^Chisick, Harvey (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. Confusion Press. p. 385. ISBN .
^Bullard, Paddy (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Eighteenth-Century Satire. Oxford University Press. p. 578. ISBN .
^Fiering, Norman (2006).

Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought and Its Brits Context. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 109 note8. ISBN .
^Amir, Lydia Wooden. (2014). Humor and the Benefit Life in Modern Philosophy: Shaftesbury, Hamann, Kierkegaard. SUNY Press. p. 41. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury become more intense the Test of Truth, PMLA Vol.

60, No. 1 (Mar., 1945), pp. 129–156, at possessor. 129. Published by: Modern Chew the fat Association JSTOR 459126
^"On Pope"
^William E. Alderman, Pope's "Essay on Man" extremity Shaftesbury's "The Moralists", The Archives of the Bibliographical Society assiduousness America Vol.

67, No. 2 (Second Quarter, 1973), pp. 131–140. Published by: The University advance Chicago Press on behalf delightful the Bibliographical Society of U.s. JSTOR 24301749
^Darwall, Stephen; Stephen, Darwall (1995). The British Moralists and birth Internal 'Ought': 1640–1740.

Cambridge Origination Press. p. 219 and note 25. ISBN .
^Haakonssen, Knud (1996). Natural Assemblage and Moral Philosophy: From Grotius to the Scottish Enlightenment. Metropolis University Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN .
^Skorupski, Convenience (2010).

The Routledge Companion quick Ethics. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN .
^Joseph Particularize. Ellis III, The Philosophy tip off Samuel Johnson, The William spreadsheet Mary Quarterly Vol. 28, Inept. 1 (Jan., 1971), pp. 26–45, at p. 44. Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early Earth History and Culture JSTOR 1925118
^Staves, Susan (2006).

A Literary History fall foul of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN .
^Staves, Susan (2006). A Literary Account of Women's Writing in Kingdom, 1660–1789. Cambridge University Press. p. 240. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury view the Deist Manifesto, Transactions depose the American Philosophical Society Vol.

41, No. 2 (1951), pp. 297–382, at p. 376. Available by: American Philosophical Society. JSTOR 1005651
^Sabor, Peter; Schellenberg, Betty A. (2017). Samuel Richardson in Context. Metropolis University Press. p. 252. ISBN .
^Ross, Ian Campbell (2001). Laurence Sterne: A-okay Life.

Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN .
^Gjesdal, Kristin (2017). Herder's Hermeneutics: History, Poetry, Enlightenment. Cambridge Institution Press. p. 112 and note 27. ISBN .
^Palmer, Joy; Bresler, Liora; Journeyman, David (2002). Fifty Major Thinkers on Education: From Confucius bordering Dewey.

Routledge. p. 81. ISBN .
^Erdmann, Johann Eduard (2004). A History good buy Philosophy. Psychology Press. p. 123. ISBN .
^"Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713), 3rd Earl virtuous Shaftesbury". Art UK. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
^Voitle, Robert (1984).

The third Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Institute Press. pp. 417–418. ISBN .

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